Methods of Effective Language Teaching (ELT) (Sunita Subedi)

 Mrs. Sunita Subedi

Faculty, Department of English

MA, LLB

Methods of Effective Language Teaching (ELT)

Introduction:

Language teaching methods have evolved significantly over time, each reflecting different theories about how people learn languages. When we have a close look through the history to the present about the language teaching approaches and methods. It gives us clear and interesting pictures of how varied the interpretation has been about the best way to teach ESL/EFL. As many schools of thought come and go, so have language teaching methods.

There is a long list of methods of language teaching from grammar translation to the present. Every method has something new to offer as well as every method is not free from its limitations. Moreover, in the present era of globalization and modernization “no single method can address the diverse classroom reality”.

1.      Grammar Translation (GT)

The grammar translation method is the oldest method in the field of English Language teaching. It introduced the idea of presenting students with short grammar rules and word lists of target language, and then translation exercises in which they have to make use of the same rules and words. The total concentration of grammar translation stops students from getting the right kind of natural language inputs that will help them to acquire language, and it fails to give learners opportunities to activate their language knowledge.

Advantages of GT

•  It helps to develop the ability to understand what students read.

• It develops translation skills.

• It creates a strong understanding of grammar.

•  It expresses ideas in written language which makes knowledge stable.

Disadvantages of GT

• No language functions are emphasized.

• It reduces the chance of oral expression.

•  Limited real world communication practices.

•  Listening and speaking skills are ignored.

2.      Direct method (DM)

Direct method is the reaction against grammar translation method. It emphasizes speaking and listening over reading and writing. It focuses on everyday vocabulary and phrases. This method carries natural learning principles within it. Therefore, it is also called a natural method. The danger with the grammar translation method is it teaches learners about language but does not really help them to communicate effectively with it.

Advantages of DM

• It develops the capacity to think and express in the target language.

•  This method is useful for beginners.

•  Use of lots of audio-visual aids.

• Advocates integration of four language skills( Reading, Listening, Speaking and Writing)

Disadvantages of DM

• It neglects the teaching of grammar.

• It gives less time for written work.

•  It demands teachers with native language proficiency.

3.      The Audio-Lingual Method

The Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) is a language teaching approach, heavily influenced by behaviorist theories of learning. It emphasizes the teaching of listening and speaking before reading and writing and relies on repetitive drills and pattern practice. It can be achieved by pattern practice, modeling, repetition, drilling and so on.

Advantages of ALM

• Useful language is learned from the beginning.

• This method encourages and requires use of simple mechanical aids.

• It develops separation of language skill into pedagogical devices.

• It is highly motivating.

Disadvantages of ALM

• Language is not a set of habits. It is sometimes innovative and creative.

•  It does not encourage learner centered teaching.

• Students feel bored because of long drilling.

•  If learning is over-mechanical, it lacks spontaneity.

4.      Communicative Language Teaching(CLT) Method

 Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) is an approach to language teaching that emphasizes interaction and communication as both the means and the ultimate goal of learning a language. It emerged in the late 20th century as a response to more traditional methods, which often focused heavily on grammar and translation. Goal of communicative language is to develop communicative competencies.

 Advantages of CLT

•  It makes the learners use language communicatively.

•  It integrates four skills of languages as well as extra-linguistic skills.

•  It develops feelings of confidence and competences in the use of real languages.

•  It fosters learners' autonomy.

 Disadvantages of CLT

• An introvert and shy student will be less benefitted than an extrovert one.

• It requires highly qualified and trained teachers.

• Authentic use of materials may also create problems for non-native speakers.

5.      Community Language Learning(CLL) Method

 

Communicative Language Learning (CLL) focuses on the process of learning a language through meaningful communication and interaction. It is closely related to Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) but emphasizes the learner's experience and strategies for acquiring language in a communicative context.

 

Advantages of CLL

• Improved Fluency: Learners develop the ability to use the language fluently and naturally.

• Increased Motivation: Engaging, relevant activities increase learners' motivation and interest.

• Real-World Application: Learners are better prepared to use the language in real-life situations.

• Holistic Skill Development: All language skills are developed in an integrated manner.

Disadvantages of CLL

•  Classroom Management: Interactive activities can be challenging to manage, especially with larger groups.

• Resource-Intensive: Requires authentic materials and sometimes more resources than traditional methods.

• Assessment: Standardized tests may not effectively measure communicative competence, necessitating alternative assessment methods.

• Teacher Preparation: Effective CLL requires teachers to be skilled in facilitating communication and managing interactive activities.

 

6.      Total Physical Response Method (TPR)

 

The Total Physical Response (TPR) method is a language teaching approach developed by Dr. James J. Asher in the 1960s. TPR is based on the coordination of language and physical movement. In this method, language learning is combined with physical activity to create a more engaging and effective learning experience.

Advantages of TPR

• Engaging and Fun: The physical activity involved makes learning more enjoyable and engaging.

• Effective Memory Aid: Physical actions help reinforce memory and retention of language.

• Reduces Anxiety: By not forcing speech, TPR reduces learner anxiety and creates a more comfortable learning environment.

• Natural Learning Process: Mimics the natural way children learn their first language, focusing on comprehension before production.

Disadvantages of TPR

• Limited Scope: TPR is highly effective for beginner levels and vocabulary related to actions but may be less effective for abstract language and advanced learners.

• Classroom Management: Managing a classroom where students are moving around can be challenging, especially with large groups.

• Teacher Training: Teachers need to be trained in using TPR effectively and creatively.

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